Dutsi Communication

 A basic understanding of networking is important for anyone managing a server. Not only is it essential for getting your services online and running smoothly, it also gives you the insight to diagnose problems. This document will provide a basic overview of some common networking concepts. Here we will discuss basic terminologies. This guide is operating system agnostic, but should be very helpful when implementing features and services that utilize networking on your server. Networking Glossary Before we begin discussing networking with any depth, we must define some common terms that you will see throughout this guide, and in other guides and documentation regarding networking. These terms will be expanded upon in the appropriate sections that follow: Connection: In networking, a connection refers to pieces of related information that are transfered through a network. This generally infers that a connection is built before the data transfer (by following the procedures laid out ...

  Electronic Commerce E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce means buying and selling of goods, products, or services over the internet. E-commerce is also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce. These services provided online over the internet network. Transaction of money, funds, and data are also considered as E-commerce. These business transactions can be done in four ways: Business to Business (B2B), Business to Customer (B2C), Customer to Customer (C2C), Customer to Business (C2B). The standard definition of E-commerce is a commercila transaction which is happened over the internet. Online stores like Amazon, Flipkart, Shopify, Myntra, Ebay, Quikr, Olx are examples of E-commerce websites. By 2020, global retail e-commerce can reach up to $27 Trillion. Let us learn in detail about what is the advantages and disadvantages of E-commerce and its types. E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce E-commerce is a popular term for electronic commerce or even internet commerce. The name ...

  Programming language Computer programming languages allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer understands. Just as many human-based languages exist, there are an array of computer programming languages that programmers can use to communicate with a computer. The portion of the language that a computer can understand is called a “binary.” Translating programming language into binary is known as “compiling.” Each language, from C Language to Python, has its own distinct features, though many times there are commonalities between programming languages. These languages allow computers to quickly and efficiently process large and complex swaths of information. For example, if a person is given a list of randomized numbers ranging from one to ten thousand and is asked to place them in ascending order, chances are that it will take a sizable amount of time and include some errors. Language Types Machine and assembly languages A machine language consis...

  Data processing Data processing occurs when data is collected and translated into usable information. Usually performed by a data scientist or team of data scientists, it is important for data processing to be done correctly as not to negatively affect the end product, or data output. Data processing starts with data in its raw form and converts it into a more readable format (graphs, documents, etc.), giving it the form and context necessary to be interpreted by computers and utilized by employees throughout an organization. Six stages of data processing 1. Data collection Collecting data is the first step in data processing. Data is pulled from available sources, including data lakes and data warehoses. It is important that the data sources available are trustworthy and well-built so the data collected (and later used as information) is of the highest possible quality. 2. Data preparation Once the data is collected, it then enters the data prepration stage. Data preparation, of...

  Threat In computer security, a threat is a potential negative action or event facilitated by a vulnerability that results in an unwanted impact to a computer system or application. Physical Threats A physical threat is a potential cause of an incident that may result in loss or physical damage to the computer systems. The following list classifies the physical threats into three (3) main categories; Internal: The threats include fire, unstable power supply, humidity in the rooms housing the hardware, etc. External: These threats include Lightning, floods, earthquakes, etc. Human: These threats include theft, vandalism of the infrastructure and/or hardware, disruption, accidental or intentional errors. To protect computer systems from the above mentioned physical threats, an organization must have physical security control measures. The following list shows some of the possible measures that can be taken: Internal: Fire threats could be prevented by the use of automatic fire detec...

  Multimedia computer A multimedia computer is a computer that is optimized for high multimedia performance. Early home computers lacked the power and storage necessary for true multimedia. The Basic Elements of Multimedia Text Graphic Animation Video Audio TEXT  Text are characters that are used to create words, sentences, and paragraphs. Graphics  A digital representation of non-text information, such as a drawing, chart, or photograph. Animation  Animation is Flipping through a series of still images. It is a series of graphics that create an illusion of motion. Video Video means the photographic images that are played back at speeds of 15 to 30 frames a second and the provide the appearance of full motion. Audio  Audio means music, speech, or any other sound. Categorization Two types of Multimedia presentation Linear Presentation Non-linear Interactive Linear active content progresses often without any navigational control for the viewer such as a cinema pre...

 Development Computer science, the study of computers and computing, including their theoretical and algorithmic foundations, hardware and software, and their uses for processing information. The discipline of computer science includes the study of algorithms and data structures, computer and network design, modeling data and information processes, and artificial intelligence. Computer science draws some of its foundations from mathematics and engineering and therefore incorporates techniques from areas such as queueing theory, probability and statistics, and electronic circuit design. Computer science also makes heavy use of hypothesis testing and experimentation during the conceptualization, design, measurement, and refinement of new algorithms, information structures, and computer architectures. Computer science is considered as part of a family of five separate yet interrelated disciplines: computer engineering, computer science, information systems, information technology, and...

Computer security Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security is the protection of computer systems and networks from the theft of or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. Computer Security and its types Information Security is securing information from unauthorized access, modification & deletion Application Security is securing an application by building security features to prevent from Cyber Threats such as SQL injection, DoS attacks, data breaches and etc. Computer Security means securing a standalone machine by keeping it updated and patched Network Security is by securing both the software and hardware technologies Cyber Security is defined as protecting computer systems, which communicate over the computer networks Why is Computer Security Important? In this digital era, we all want to keep our computers and our personal information secur...

  Fundamental Concepts A computer is basically a programmable machine capable to perform arithmetic and logical operations automatically and sequentially. It is also known as a data processor, as it can store, process, and retrieve data as per the wish of the user. Basic Functions of a Computer Taking data and instructions from a user, processing the data as per instructions, and displaying or storing the processed data, are the four major functions of a computer. These functions are also known as the input function, process function, output function, and storage function, respectively. To provide these functions, a computer uses its components or devices. Usually, components of a computer are designed to perform only one of these four functions. But, some specialized components or devices are designed to perform two, three or all four functions. For example, a hard disk can perform three functions: input (when files are read), storage (when files are saved), and output (when files...

  Computer Memory In computing, memory refers to a device that is used to store information for immediate use in a computer or related computer hardware device. It typically refers to semiconductor memory, specifically metal–oxide–semiconductor memory, where data is stored within MOS memory cells on a silicon integrated circuit chip. Types of Computer Memory: Primary and Secondary Although many types of memory in a computer exist, the most basic distinction is between primary memory, often called system memory, and secondary memory, which is more commonly called storage. The key difference between primary and secondary memory is speed of access. Primary memory includes ROM and RAM, and is located close to the CPU on the computer motherboard, enabling the CPU to read data from primary memory very quickly indeed. It is used to store data that the CPU needs imminently so that it does not have to wait for it to be delivered. Secondary memory by contrast, is usually physically located w...

  ROM ROM (read only memory) is a flash memory chip that contains a small amount of non-volatile memory. Non-volatile means that its contents cannot be changed and it retains its memory after the computer is turned off. History of ROM Read-only memory were employed as non-volatile storage for programs in most early stored-program computers, such as ENIAC after 1948. ... Most home computers of the 1980s stored a BASIC interpreter or operating system in ROM as other forms of non-volatile storage such as magnetic disk drives were too costly. Types of ROM Programmable read-only memory (PROM), or one-time programmable ROM (OTP), can be written to or programmed via a special device called a PROM programmer. Typically, this device uses high voltages to permanently destroy or create internal links (fuses or antifuses) within the chip. Consequently, a PROM can only be programmed once. Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) can be erased by exposure to strong ultravoilet light (typic...

  RAM Alternatively referred to as main memory, primary memory, or system memory, RAM (random-access memory) is a hardware device that allows information to be stored and retrieved on a computer. RAM is usually associated with DRAM, which is a type of memory module. Because data is accessed randomly instead of sequentially like it is on a CD or hard drive, access times are much faster. However, unlike ROM, RAM is a volatile memory and requires power to keep the data accessible. If the computer is turned off, all data contained in RAM is lost. History of RAM The first form of RAM came about in 1947 with the use of the Williams tube. It utilized a CRT (cathode ray tube); the data was stored on the face as electrically charged spots. The second widely used form of RAM was magnetic-core memory, invented in 1947. Frederick Viehe is credited with much of the work, having filed for several patents relating to the design. Magnetic-core memory works through the use of tiny metal rings and w...

 Motherboard The motherboard is the backbone that ties the computer's components together at one spot and allows them to talk to each other. Without it, none of the computer pieces, such as the CPU, GPU, or hard drive, could interact. Total motherboard functionality is necessary for a computer to work well. A motherboard provides connectivity between the hardware components of a computer, like the processor (CPU), memory (RAM), hard drive, and video card. There are multiple types of motherboards, designed to fit different types and sizes of computers. Each type of motherboard is designed to work with specific types of processors and memory, so they don't work with every processor and type of memory. However, hard drives are mostly universal and work with the majority of motherboards, regardless of the type or brand. Below is a picture of the ASUS P5AD2-E motherboard with labels next to each of its major components. Clicking on the image directs you to a larger and more detailed...

  Output Devices There are several output devices that are as follows: Monitor This is the most common computer output device. It creates a visual display by the use of which users can view processed data.  Monitors come in various sizes and resolutions. Common Types of Monitors Cathode Ray Tube – this uses phosphorescent dots to generate the pixels that constitute displayed images. Flat Panel Screen – this makes use of liquid crystals or plasma to produce output. Light is passed through the liquid crystals in order to generate pixels. Printer This device generates a hard copy version of processed data, like documents and photographs. The computer transmits the image data to the printer, which then physically recreates the image, typically on paper. Types of Printers Ink Jet – this kind of printer sprays tiny dots of ink onto a surface to form an image. Laser – this type utilises toner drums that roll through magnetized pigment, and then transfers the pigment onto a surface. D...

  Input Devices There are several input devices that are as follows: Keyboard one of the primary input devices used to input data and commands. It has function keys, control keys, arrow keys, keypad and the keyboard itself with the letters, numbers and commands.  Keyboards are connected to the computer through USB or Bluetooth.  A laptop keyboard is more compact than a desktop keyboard to make the laptop smaller and lighter.  Smartphones and tablets use on-screen keyboard to input messages and select commands. Mouse It is an input device used to control the cursor and coordinates. It can be wired or wireless.  It allows the user to do the following: Move the mouse cursor Select Scroll Open or execute a program Drag-and-drop Hover Perform other functions with the use of additional buttons A laptop uses a touchpad as the mouse.  A smartphone and tablet use a touchscreen as primary input device and the user’s finger is used as the mouse. Microphone It is an in...

 Central Processing Unit (CPU) The central processing unit (CPU) or processor, is the unit which performs most of the processing inside a computer. It processes all instructions received by software running on the PC and by other hardware components, and acts as a powerful calculator. The CPU is placed into a specific square-shaped socket found on all motherboards by inserting its metallic connectors or pins found on the underside. Each socket is built with a specific pin layout to support only a specific type of processor. The CPU is the heart and brain of a computer. It receives data input, executes instructions, and processes information. It communicates with input/output (I/O) devices, which send and receive data to and from the CPU. The central processing unit (CPU) has two components Control Unit The control unit extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them. The control unit acts as an intermediary that decodes the instructions sent to the processor, tells ...

  Components of a Computer System Every computer system has the following three basic components: Input unit Central processing unit Output unit Input Unit These components help users enter data and commands into a computer system. Data can be in the form of numbers, words, actions, commands, etc. The main function of input devices is to direct commands and data into computers. Computers then use their CPU to process this data and produce output. Another example of input devices is touch-screens. Users can simply touch these screens without using any other device to enter commands. From smartphones to ATM machines, these input devices are becoming very popular these days. Central Processing Unit After receiving data and commands from users, a computer system now has to process it according to the instructions provided. Here, it has to rely on a component called the central processing unit. The CPU further uses these three elements: Memory Unit Once a user enters data using input de...

  Types of Computer  Computer sizes and power Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap: Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor. Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously. Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. Supercomputer and Mainframe Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching...